🔄 Resetting your Parameter Random Access Memory (PRAM) or Non-Volatile Random Access Memories (NVRAM)

When should you reset PRAM or NVRAM?

• Volume doesn’t respond properly
• The boot volume isn’t set (you’ll see a question mark before your computer boots up)
• Strange mouse scrolling and clicking speeds
• Keyboard not responding normally
• The time zone or clock is wrong
• Display resolution changes or won’t change
• AirPort problems
• Your computer shuts down slowly

You don’t need to know if your Mac has NVRAM or PRAM, as the process to reset both is the same:

1. Shut down your Mac.
2. Press the power button.
3. Before the grey screen appears, press the Command, Option, P, and R keys at the same time.
4. Hold the keys until your computer restarts and you hear the startup sound a second time.
On Macs with the T2 Security Chip, hold the keys until the Apple logo appears and disappears for the second time.
5. Release the keys.

After you reset the NVRAM or PRAM, you might notice that some of your settings are lost, such as the time, volume, mouse settings, and keyboard preferences. If you remember your previous computer settings, you should be able to get it back to normal in just a couple of minutes.